最新刊期
卷 50 ， 期 12 ， 2025
- “类器官技术在下丘脑垂体研究领域取得新进展，为疾病机制研究和个性化治疗提供新思路。”
摘要：Organoids are three-dimensional miniature organs constructed in vitro from stem cells. They closely resemble their native counterparts in cell composition, tissue architecture, and functional characteristics, making them ideal research models. In recent years, hypothalamic/pituitary organoids have been generated and have emerged as powerful platforms for applications such as drug screening and personalized therapy. They show broad application prospects for advancing research on the hypothalamus and pituitary. This review summarizes recent advances in hypothalamic/pituitary organoid research and highlights their utility in disease modeling and developmental biology. The aim is to provide insights and guidance for the broader application of organoid technology in both basic research and clinical translation.关键词：hypothalamus;pituitary gland;organoids;stem cells190|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07
Expert Review
- “最新研究比较了中国、美国、韩国甲状腺影像报告系统在中国人群中的诊断效能，发现C-TIRADS和ACR-TIRADS总体性能更优，C-TIRADS适合高风险小结节筛查，ACR-TIRADS可提高中等结节诊断准确性。”
摘要：ObjectiveTo systematically compare the diagnostic performance of the 2020 version of Chinese Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (C-TIRADS), 2017 version of American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (ACR-TIRADS), and 2021 version of Korean Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (K-TIRADS) in a Chinese population and to evaluate their efficacy among different thyroid nodule size subgroups, thereby providing evidence for optimizing clinical risk stratification management.MethodsClinical data of 1001 patients (with 1279 thyroid nodules) who underwent conventional thyroid surgery at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University between December 2019 and November 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on preoperative ultrasound images, all nodules were classified according to the three TIRADS (risk stratification systems). Using postoperative histopathology as the gold standard, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to calculate the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and other metrics. Diagnostic performance was compared among nodule size subgroups: small nodule subgroup (≤10 mm), medium nodule subgroup (10-20 mm), and large nodule subgroup (>20 mm).ResultsC-TIRADS showed the highest overall AUC (0.870, 95%CI 0.851-0.888), which was not significantly different from that of ACR-TIRADS (AUC=0.868, P=0.664), but both systems outperformed K-TIRADS (AUC=0.837,P<0.001). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that for small nodule subgroup, C-TIRADS achieved the highest AUC (0.782, P=0.002) with a sensitivity of 91.9%. For medium nodule subgroup, ACR-TIRADS showed better performance (AUC=0.832, P=0.003) with a specificity of 80.6%. No significant differences were observed among the three systems for large nodule subgroup (P>0.05).ConclusionBoth C-TIRADS and ACR-TIRADS demonstrate superior overall diagnostic performance compared to K-TIRADS.C-TIRADS is particularly suitable for screening small nodules in high-risk populations, while ACR-TIRADS helps reduce misdiagnosis and improves diagnostic accuracy for medium-sized nodules. The diagnostic performance for large nodules requires further validation.关键词：thyroid nodules;ultrasonography;thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS)11|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07 - “最新研究揭示HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助疗效不佳影响因素，构建预测模型，为个体化治疗提供参考。”
摘要：ObjectiveTo analyze the factors influencing poor efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2)‑positive breast cancer and to construct a nomogram predictive model.MethodsClinical data from 520 HER-2-positive breast cancer patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy at the Chinese PLA General Hospital between January 2013 and June 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, data of 472 patients from the First Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital were used as the modeling set, and data of 48 patients from the Third and Sixth Medical Centers were used as the external validation set. In the modeling set, t-test, χ2 test, and LASSO regression were employed to preliminarily screen the influencing factors of poor neoadjuvant efficacy. The modeling set was randomly divided into a training set (n=377) and an internal validation set (n=95) at a ratio of 8:2. Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors influencing poor neoadjuvant efficacy were further performed in the training set. A logistic regression model was constructed based on the final screened factors, and a nomogram was drawn within the training set. The predictive performance and clinical benefits of the model were assessed through calibration curves and clinical decision curve analysis (DCA), which were verified and evaluated in the internal and external validation sets, respectively.ResultsIn the modeling set, increased maximum preoperative tumor diameter, elevated estrogen receptor (ER) expression level, and increased axillary lymph node tumor staging (N-stage) were identified as independent factors increasing the risk of poor efficacy (P<0.05). Conversely, increased number of taxane-containing cycles in the neoadjuvant regimen, increased number of targeted therapy cycles in the neoadjuvant regimen, and HER-2 expression of (+++) were identified as independent factors reducing the risk of poor efficacy (P<0.05). A prediction model based on these 6 factors was developed, which achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88 (95%CI 0.84-0.91) in the training set, 0.88 (95%CI 0.82-0.95) in the internal validation set, and 0.91 (95%CI 0.83-0.99) in the external validation set. Calibration curves demonstrated good predictive accuracy, and DCA confirmed high clinical application value of the model.ConclusionThe predictive model developed in this study can effectively predict the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy in HER-2-positive breast cancer patients, providing a reference for individualized treatment.关键词：human epidermal growth factor receptor-2;breast cancer;neoadjuvant therapy;poor efficacy;nomogram14|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07 - “据最新研究，老年人全血细胞计数衍生炎性指标与年龄相关性黄斑变性存在正相关性，为AMD风险评估提供新指标。”
摘要：ObjectiveTo analyze the correlation between inflammatory indicators derived from complete blood count (CBC) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the elderly population.MethodsClinical data were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database, including 197 AMD patients and 956 non-AMD from the 2005-2006 and 2007-2008. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to match the baseline data of the two groups, and unmatched subjects were excluded. Relevant covariates were collated, and 6 CBC-derived inflammatory indicators were calculated, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), neutrophil-and-monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (NMLR), systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), and systemic immune inflammation index (SII). Extreme gradient boosting-Shapley Additive Explanations (XGBoost-SHAP) and multiple logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the correlation between CBC-derived inflammatory indicators and AMD. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to verify the robustness of the results, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) was utilized to test whether there was a nonlinear correlation between them.ResultsAfter PSM matching, 197 AMD patients and 197 non-AMD patients were included, with no significant differences in age, race, marital status, hypertension, diabetes, or coronary heart disease between the two groups (P>0.05). Compared with non-AMD group, AMD group exhibited higher NLR, MLR, NMLR, SIRI, and SII (P<0.05). XGBoost-SHAP analysis was performed to calculate the average |SHAP| value of all indicators affecting AMD, identifying SII (0.0269), NLR (0.0140), and MLR (0.0138) as the most influential indicators. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for relevant covariates, the results of continuous variables showed that MLR (OR=16.721, 95%CI 3.450-93.628), NLR (OR=1.205, 95%CI 1.022-1.437), NMLR (OR=1.217, 95%CI 1.042-1.439), SIRI (OR=1.432, 95%CI 1.136-1.858), and SII (OR=1.001, 95%CI 1.000-1.001) were positively correlated with AMD (P<0.05). The results of categorical variables indicated that only MLR (OR=2.543, 95%CI 1.318-4.973) and SII (OR=1.694, 95%CI 0.925-3.127) were positively correlated with AMD (P<0.05), and the overall trend showed a stable and significant correlation (Ptrend<0.05). Sensitivity analysis supported the positive correlation between MLR, SII, and AMD. The results of RCS test indicated a nonlinear positive correlation between NLR, MLR, NMLR, SIRI, SII and AMD (Pnonlinear<0.05).ConclusionWith limits, the occurrence risk of AMD could increase by the rise of CBC-derived inflammatory indicators MLR and SII.关键词：inflammatory indicators derived from complete blood count;age-related macular degeneration;correlation;NHANES;cross-sectional study17|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07 - “解放军总医院海南医院疼痛科研究发现，超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞治疗带状疱疹相关性疼痛，尤其对激惹型疗效更好，可有效改善疼痛、焦虑和睡眠质量，促进神经损伤修复。”
摘要：ObjectiveTo observe the medium- and long-term efficacy of thoracic paravertebral nerve block (TPVB) in treating different subtypes of zoster-associated pain (ZAP).MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 124 ZAP patients who received ultrasound-guided TPVB treatment at the Department of Pain Treatment, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023. Before treatment, patients were divided into 4 subtypes according to their pain types: irritable nociceptor type, deafferentation type, mixed type, and non-irritable nociceptor type. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match patients' gender, age, disease duration, involved nerve segments, and status of comorbid hypertension, diabetes, and malignant tumors, as well as pre-treatment visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scores at a 1:1 ratio. After excluding confounding factors, 36 patients were included in each of irritable and mixed subtype groups for final analysis. All patients received oral medication combined with ultrasound-guided TPVB treatment. The VAS, SAS, and PSQI scores of patients in both groups were evaluated before treatment and at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Additionally, the nerve injury repair status of ZAP patients was observed, the overall efficacy was evaluated at 12 months after treatment, and the follow-up treatment information of patients in both groups was collected.ResultsBefore treatment, there were no significant differences in VAS, SAS, and PSQI scores between the two groups (P>0.05). At 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment, the VAS, SAS, and PSQI scores of both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment (P<0.05). Among these time points, the VAS, SAS, and PSQI scores of irritable nociceptor group at each time point were significantly lower than those of mixed-type group (P<0.05). At 12 months after treatment, the overall treatment effective rate of irritable nociceptor group was significantly higher than that of mixed-type group (P<0.05). At 12 months after treatment, the residual symptoms after nerve injury in both groups were significantly improved compared with those before treatment, and the improvement rate of skin tenderness was significantly better than that of other symptoms (P<0.05). Within 12 months after one course of treatment, the duration of continuous analgesic use in irritable nociceptor group was shorter than that in mixed-type group. The number of patients who required subsequent remedial TPVB treatment for analgesia and the number of such treatments were significantly fewer in irritable nociceptor group than those in mixed-type group (P<0.05).ConclusionsUltrasound-guided TPVB therapy provides sustained, effective relief of pain, alleviates anxiety and sleep disturbances, promotes nerve injury repair, and is particularly effective in improving skin tenderness in patients with different ZAP subtypes. It demonstrates superior efficacy for irritable nociceptor type, additionally reducing the required duration of analgesic use and the need for remedial analgesia in these patients.关键词：zoster-associated pain;thoracic paravertebral nerve block;subtype;medium- and long-term efficacy8|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07 - “河北省中医院研究揭示，严重气道狭窄患者治疗后气道微生态变化与再狭窄风险密切相关，为防治提供新思路。”摘要：ObjectiveTo explore the changes in airway microbiota and their impact on restenosis risk in patients with severe airway stenosis after bronchoscopy intervention therapy.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on 513 patients with severe airway stenosis who underwent bronchoscope-guided interventional treatment at Hebei Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from March 2019 to May 2024. Based on the presence or absence of airway restenosis 3 months after treatment, the patients were divided into restenosis group (n=134) and control group (n=379). High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene sequences was performed on sputum samples from patients with airway stenosis to observe the overall composition and diversity characteristics of their airway microbial communities. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between airway microbiota and pulmonary function indices, as well as inflammatory indices. Stratified interaction tests were conducted to analyze the relationship between airway restenosis and microbiota under different treatment methods. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was utilized to analyze the risk factors for recurrence within 3 months in patients with severe airway stenosis. The interaction and types of effects between airway microbiota and inflammatory indices on restenosis in patients with severe airway stenosis were analyzed using an interaction calculation table.ResultsThe proportion of stent implantation, underlying diseases, local infections, and the area of scar lesions in restenosis group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). After treatment, compared with control group, the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, Chao index, Ace index, and Shannon index in restenosis group were significantly lower, while the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Simpson index were significantly higher (P<0.05). Compared with the pre-treatment data in the same group, all indices in both groups showed significant improvements after treatment (P<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the β diversity of airway flora between the two groups after treatment (P=0.001). Compared with control group, the relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria in the airway microbiota of the restenosis group were significantly increased, while the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria were significantly decreased (P<0.05). After treatment, Chao index, Ace index, and Shannon index were positively correlated with pulmonary function indices and negatively correlated with inflammatory indices; Simpson index was negatively correlated with pulmonary function indices and positively correlated with inflammatory indices (P<0.05). Stratified interaction tests showed that the treatment method had no significant impact on the relationship between airway restenosis and microbiota. Stent implantation, underlying diseases, local infections, increased area of scar lesions, and elevated post-treatment Simpson index, IL-6, and CRP were independent risk factors for recurrence within 3 months in patients with severe airway stenosis (P<0.05). Elevated post-treatment Chao index, Ace index, Shannon index were protective factors against recurrence within 3 months (P<0.05). No significant collinearity was found among the factors. During the occurrence of restenosis in patients with severe airway stenosis, there were significant interactions between the post-treatment airway microbiota indices (Chao index, Ace index, Shannon index, Simpson index) and inflammatory indices such as IL-6 and CRP levels (P<0.001).ConclusionsAmong alpha diversity indicators of airway flora, elevated post-treatment Simpson index are independent risk factors for recurrence within 3 months in patients with severe airway stenosis, while elevated post-treatment Chao index, Ace index, and Shannon index are protective factors against recurrence within 3 months. After treatment, the alpha diversity of airway flora in patients is positively correlated with pulmonary function indices and negatively correlated with inflammatory indices.关键词：severe airway stenosis;bronchoscopy;airway microbiota;narrowing again4|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07
- “在医学领域，报道了一例MRKH综合征Ⅱ型合并腹股沟卵巢输卵管绞窄性疝患者的临床影像特点，并通过文献复习，提高了对该病的认识和诊治。”
摘要：ObjectiveTo report the clinical and imaging characteristics of a patient with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome type Ⅱ complicated with strangulated inguinal hernia involving the ovary and fallopian tube, and to review relevant literature to improve the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of this disease.MethodsClinical data of 1 patient with MRKH syndrome type Ⅱ presenting with strangulated inguinal hernia containing ovarian and fallopian tube tissues were retrospectively analyzed. Literature on MRKH syndrome complicated with inguinal hernia of reproductive organs was comprehensively reviewed by searching Chinese and English databases.ResultsA 14-year-old female patient presented with an 8-year history of reducible right inguinal mass and acute pain with irreducibility for 1 day. Abdominal CT suggested a right indirect inguinal hernia, with ovarian tissue suspected within the sac. The left kidney and uterus were not visualized on imaging. Emergency surgical exploration was performed, and the hernia content was found to be ischemic and necrotic right ovary and fallopian tube. Right salpingo-oophorectomy and high ligation of hernial sac were performed. Postoperative spinal X-ray revealed lumbar scoliosis. The postoperative diagnosis was MRKH syndrome type Ⅱ complicated with right strangulated inguinal hernia of ovary and fallopian tube, left kidney agenesis, and scoliosis. A total of 26 cases of MRKH syndrome complicated with inguinal hernia of reproductive organs were retrieved from databases such as PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang. Combined with this case, there were 27 patients: the average age was 20.4 years, with left-sided and bilateral inguinal hernia accounting for 51.9% (14/27), 33.3% (9/27) and 14.8% (4/27), respectively. Among the hernia contents, 7 cases were ovary, 5 cases were ovary and fallopian tube, 13 cases were ovary and rudimentary uterus (with or without fallopian tube), and 2 cases were rudimentary uterus. Among 25 patients who underwent surgery, the hernia contents were reduced into the abdominal cavity in 15 cases, resected in 9 cases, and not described in 1 case. There were 12 cases of type Ⅰ and 15 cases of type Ⅱ of MRKH syndrome. In type I, left-sided and bilateral hernias each accounted for 50.0% (6/12). In type Ⅱ, unilateral hernias accounted for 80.0% (12/15), of which left-sided hernias accounted for 66.7% (8/12), and 78.6% (11/14) of patients with renal malformation complications had renal malformation on the same side as the inguinal hernia.ConclusionsThe incidence of inguinal hernia in female patients with MRKH syndrome is higher than that in healthy women. The inguinal hernias are mainly left-sided and bilateral in location. Patients with MRKH syndrome type Ⅱ are often accompanied by ipsilateral renal malformation. The hernia content is mainly ovary. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent incarceration or torsion and preserve ovarian organ function.关键词：MRKH syndrome;Müllerian agenesis;inguinal hernia;ovary;uterus14|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07
Clinical Research
- “在血管发育领域，研究人员利用遗传谱系示踪技术，揭示了胚胎期静脉-动脉转化的时间窗口及静脉内皮细胞在器官中的命运转归。”
摘要：ObjectiveTo investigate the temporal window of venous-to-arterial conversion and the long-term fate of embryonic venous-derived arterial endothelial cells during mid-to-late gestation, in neonates, and in adulthood through genetic lineage tracing.MethodsUsing the Nr2f2-CrexER;Gja5-EGFP;Rosa-H2b-mcherry genetic lineage tracing mouse model, tamoxifen induction was performed at embryonic days E9.5 and E11.5. Tissues (spleen, thymus, adrenal gland) were collected at E15.5, E18.5, neonatal stage (postnatal day 7), and adult stage (8-week-old) for immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry to assess venous lineage contribution to arterial endothelial cells and fate conversion.ResultsTamoxifen induction at E9.5 revealed that venous endothelia persistently contributed to arterial endothelial cells in the spleen, thymus, and adrenal gland into adulthood, indicating the long-term persistence of embryonic venous-derived arterial endothelial cells within the vascular network. At E13.5, Nr2f2 expression still showed a pattern mutually exclusive with the arterial marker gene Gja5, thus displaying venous endothelial characteristics. The venous lineage was able to contribute to the arterial endothelial cells of the spleen, thymus, and adrenal gland when induced at E11.5, indicating that venous-to-arterial conversion events still occurred at E11.5.ConclusionThe time window for venous-to-arterial conversion spans from E9.5 to E11.5 in mouse embryos. Embryonic venous endothelia can make a long-term contribution to the arterial endothelial cells of the spleen, thymus, and adrenal gland.关键词：vascular endothelial cells;arteriogenesis;genetic lineage tracing;venous-to-arterial fate conversion;embryonic development13|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07 - “宁夏医科大学总医院研究揭示，IDH1突变显著上调胶质瘤血管生成相关基因表达，促进血管生成，为胶质瘤治疗提供新思路。”
摘要：ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation on angiogenesis in glioma and to screen and validate the involved differentially expressed genes.MethodsPathological specimens from 198 glioma patients treated at the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University were collected. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assess the positive expression rates of IDH1 mutation and angiogenesis-related factors CD34 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), qPCR was used to measure the expression levels of angiogenesis-related regulators [e.g., VEGFA and SRY-box transcription factor 18 (SOX18)] in two groups. Doxycycline-induced IDH1-mutant U87 glioma cells served as IDH1-mutation group, and uninduced U87 cells served as control group. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to compare gene expression profiles between two groups. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted to evaluate differentially expressed genes and their effects on related signaling pathways. Western blotting and qPCR were used to analyze expression differences in angiogenesis-related factors such as ETS proto-oncogene 1 (ETS1) and VEGFC.ResultsIHC detected IDH1 mutation in 102 (51.5%) of the 198 glioma cases, which was associated with significantly increased CD34 and VEGF expression (P<0.05). Similarly, qPCR results indicated that, in U87 cells, IDH1 mutation promoted the upregulation of angiogenesis-related genes (VEGFA, SOX18, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6), ephrin-A2 (EFNA2), and Wnt family member 1 (WNT1)] while concurrently downregulating Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 (RAPGEF4) in contrast to control group (P<0.05). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that IDH1 mutation influences angiogenic pathways through epigenetic regulation. Western blotting and qPCR confirmed that U87 cells in IDH1-mutation group exhibited significant concurrent upregulation at both the mRNA and protein levels of key angiogenesis-related factors such as ETS1, GATA-binding protein 2/3 (GATA2/3), VEGFC, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) compared with control group (P<0.05).ConclusionsIDH1 mutation markedly upregulates the transcription and protein expression of angiogenesis-related genes (such as ETS1, VEGFC, BMP6, and SOX18) in glioma cells through epigenetic regulation, thereby promoting angiogenesis. This process likely involves the coordinated actions of endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and the extracellular matrix within the tumor microenvironment.关键词：IDH1 mutations;glioma;neovascularization, pathologic;transcriptome sequencing10|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07 - “最新研究发现，糖尿病心肌病小鼠心肌组织中TFAM蛋白通过改善线粒体功能，抑制氧化应激及细胞凋亡，减轻糖尿病心肌损伤。”
摘要：ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) in the myocardial tissue of mice with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) on oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.MethodsTwenty-four male db/db mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=8 per group): db/db group, db/db+TFAM overexpression group and db/db+TFAM empty vector group. An additional 8 db/m male mice served as blank control group. Mice in db/db+TFAM overexpression group received a tail vein injection of MyoAAV1A-TFAM at a dose of 5×1011 vg/mouse to establish the TFAM overexpression model. db/db+TFAM empty vector group received a tail vein injection of an equivalent total amount of MyoAAV1A serotype-CON, while db/db group received an equal volume of normal saline via tail vein injection. The mRNA expression levels of TFAM and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in myocardial tissue were detected by PCR. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in myocardial tissue was measured using the 20,70-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ATP in myocardial tissue were assessed using commercial assay kits. The apoptosis rate of cardiomyocytes was determined by TUNEL staining. The protein expression levels of TFAM, Caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) in myocardial tissue were detected by Western blotting, and cardiac function indices of mice were measured using a small animal ultrasound system.ResultsCompared with db/m group, the expression levels of TFAM protein (P<0.01), mitochondrial ATP content (P<0.0001), and mtDNA expression level (P<0.001) in myocardial tissue of db/db mice were significantly reduced; the contents of ROS and MDA were significantly increased (P<0.0001), and the activity of SOD was decreased (P<0.001); the rate of TUNEL-positive cells in myocardial tissue increased (P<0.0001), the expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax proteins were increased, and the expression level of Bcl-2 protein significantly reduced (P<0.0001). Compared with db/db group and the db/db+TFAM empty vector group, the mitochondrial ATP content and mtDNA expression level in myocardial tissue of mice in db/db+TFAM overexpression group were significantly increased (P<0.01), the contents of ROS and MDA were significantly decreased (P<0.0001), and the activity of SOD was increased (P<0.05); the rate of TUNEL-positive cells in myocardial tissue was significantly decreased (P<0.01); the expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax proteins were decreased (P<0.0001), and the expression level of Bcl-2 protein was significantly increased (P<0.01). HE staining showed that compared with db/m group, myocardial cells in mice of db/db group were significantly hypertrophic and necrotic, and the arrangement and structure of myocardial cells were disordered; Compared with db/db group and db/db+TFAM empty vector group, the disorder of myocardial fibers in mice of db/db+TFAM overexpression group was improved, and the number of necrotic or inflammatory cells was significantly reduced. Cardiac color Doppler ultrasound showed that compared with db/m group, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS), and E/A ratio in mice of db/db group were significantly decreased (P<0.0001); Compared with db/db group and db/db+TFAM empty vector group, the LVEF, LVFS and E/A ratio in mice of db/db+TFAM overexpression group were significantly increased (P<0.001).ConclusionsTFAM protein may alleviate diabetes-induced myocardial damage by improving mitochondrial function, inhibiting oxidative stress, and suppressing apoptosis.关键词：mitochondrial transcription factor A;cardiomyocyte apoptosis;oxidative stress;myocardial tissue;diabetic cardiomyopathy11|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07 - “最新研究发现，Cd44和Itgam是小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤中自噬相关的枢纽基因，可能成为防治新标志物。”
摘要：ObjectiveTo screen autophagy-related hub genes in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) and analyze their biological functions to investigate the pathogenesis of RIRI.MethodsTwelve ICR mice were randomly assigned to control group and RIRI group (n=6 per group). Renal tissues from both groups were subjected to transcriptome sequencing. After quality control filtering, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups were identified. The intersection of these DEGs with autophagy-related genes (ATGs) yielded autophagy-related DEGs (ATG-DEGs). Hub genes were selected as the top-ranked ATG-DEGs using four algorithms in Cytohubba. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed for the hub genes. Two murine RIRI-related gene expression datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for single-cell RNA-seq analysis to identify key genes at the single-cell level, followed by immune infiltration analysis. Finally, the expression levels of hub genes in mice were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).ResultsA total of 672 DEGs were identified between the two groups. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses suggested that these DEGs might be associated with autophagy. Six hub genes were identified: phagocytic glycoprotein-1 (Cd44), integrin subunit alpha M (Itgam), integrin subunit alpha X (Itgax), kinase insert domain receptor (Kdr), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). These genes were involved in signaling pathways related to oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptosis, and immune response. Based on the murine RIRI-related data downloaded from the GEO database, single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed that two hub genes (Cd44 and Itgam) were highly expressed in neutrophils, macrophages, and fibroblasts in RIRI group compared with control group (P<0.05). Cd44+ neutrophils and Itgam+ macrophages exhibited more active cell communication. Immune infiltration results showed the correlations of Cd44 and Itgam with neutrophils and macrophages were higher in RIRI group than those in control group. qRT-PCR results confirmed that the expression levels of Cd44 and Itgam were significantly higher in RIRI group than those in control group (P<0.05).ConclusionCd44 and Itgam are autophagy-related hub genes in murine RIRI and may serve as novel biomarkers for the prevention and treatment of RIRI.关键词：renal ischemia-reperfusion injury;bioinformatics analysis;hub genes;phagocytic glycoprotein-1;integrin subunit alpha M12|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07 - “在肾脏疾病研究领域，科研团队构建了肾脏类器官及急慢性损伤模型，为肾脏疾病研究提供新方法。”
摘要：ObjectiveTo construct kidney organoids and establish various models of acute and chronic kidney injury.MethodsKidney organoid differentiation was induced from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) via the CHIR99021-fibroblast growth factor (FGF) activation pathway. Cisplatin-induced acute renal tubular injury models were established by treating kidney organoids with cisplatin at concentrations of 20, 30, and 50 μmol/L. The temporal progression of injury was investigated following stimulation with 30 μmol/L cisplatin for 12, 24, and 48 h. The expression levels of renal injury markers and inflammatory factors were assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Additionally, a high-glucose-induced fibrosis model with blood glucose fluctuation and a sustained high-glucose model were developed using two approaches: alternating culture media containing 5 mmol/L and 25 mmol/L glucose every other day, and continuous exposure to 25 mmol/L glucose for 6 d. Renal fibrosis markers, collagen Ⅲ (Col Ⅲ), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and fibronectin, were evaluated by Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and IHC.ResultsTubular structures began forming in the organoids by day 8, reaching optimal morphology by day 14, suitable for subsequent research. Immunostaining for specific markers, proximal tubules (Lotus tetragonolobus lectin, LTL), distal tubules (cadherin 1, CDH1), and connecting tubules (uromodulin, UMOD), along with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining confirmed successful kidney organoid formation. Following cisplatin stimulation, renal injury markers [kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)] and inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)] were significantly upregulated, indicating the onset of acute kidney injury. The 30 μmol/L cisplatin treatment induced the most suitable injury model, with NGAL and KIM-1 expression increasing over stimulation time. In both high-glucose models, fibronectin, Col Ⅲ, and TGF‑β were markedly elevated, but the glucose fluctuation model was superior to the sustained high-glucose model.ConclusionThe optimized culture protocol enables efficient generation of kidney organoids, which can be utilized to establish various acute and chronic kidney injury models.关键词：kidney;organoid;induced pluripotent stem cells;cisplatin-induced kidney injury;diabetic nephropathy159|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07 - “最新研究发现，长链非编码RNA LINC00662通过调控miR-340-5p影响肾细胞癌细胞增殖和凋亡，为肾癌治疗提供新思路。”
摘要：ObjectiveTo investigate the impacts of long noncoding RNA LINC00662 on the proliferation and apoptosis of renal cell carcinoma cells by regulating microRNA (miR)-340-5p.MethodsqRT-PCR was used to detect the expressions of LINC00662 and miR-340-5p in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissues from 60 patients with ccRCC, as well as in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells. The targeting relationship between LINC00662 and miR-340-5p was validated by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay. Human renal clear cell adenocarcinoma cells 786-O were assigned into blank group, downregulation control group, LINC00662 downregulation group, upregulation control group, miR-340-5p upregulation group, LINC00662 downregulation+anti-miR-NC group, and LINC00662 downregulation+anti-miR-340-5p group. Clone formation experiment and CCK-8 assay were employed to detect cell proliferation and viability. Annexin V/PI double staining was utilized to evaluate cell apoptosis. Western blotting was applied to detect proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell apoptosis (Bim) proteins in cells. The nude mouse xenograft assay was conducted to assess the effects of LINC00662 and miR-340-5p on PCNA and Bim proteins in nude mouse tumor tissues and tumor growth in vivo.ResultsCompared with adjacent tissues or normal renal epithelial cells, LINC00662 expression was significantly higher (P<0.05), and miR-340-5p expression was significantly lower than that in ccRCC tissues or 3 ccRCC cells (P<0.05). Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay showed that LINC00662 targeted and regulated miR-340-5p. Compared with blank group and downregulation control group, 786-O cells in LINC00662 downregulation group showed decreased clone formation number, cell viability, LINC00662 expression, PCNA protein level, and the weight and volume of nude mouse xenografts (P<0.05), and increased miR-340-5p expression, apoptosis rate, and Bim protein level (P<0.05). Compared with blank group and upregulation control group, 786-O cells in miR-340-5p upregulation group showed decreased clone formation number, cell viability, PCNA protein level, and the weight and volume of nude mouse xenografts (P<0.05), and increased apoptosis rate, miR-340-5p expression, and Bim protein level (P<0.05). Compared with LINC00662 downregulation group and LINC00662 downregulation+anti-miR-NC group, 786-O cells in LINC00662 downregulation+anti-miR-340-5p group showed increased clone formation number, cell viability, PCNA protein level, and the weight and volume of nude mouse xenografts (P<0.05), and decreased apoptosis rate, miR-340-5p expression, and Bim protein level (P<0.05).ConclusionKnockdown of LINC00662 can inhibit the proliferation and viability of ccRCC cells, suppress tumor growth in vivo, and promote cell apoptosis by upregulating miR-340-5p.关键词：clear cell renal cell carcinoma;LINC00662;miR-340-5p;proliferation;apoptosis11|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07
Basic Research
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Dual immunoregulatory effects of polyphosphates: pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects AI导读
“多聚磷酸盐(polyP)在血液免疫调节中具有双重作用，其抑制剂有望成为抗炎药物新靶点，为治疗细胞内感染提供新思路。”
摘要：Polyphosphate (polyP) is a molecule in the blood that has the functions of promoting thrombosis and immune regulation. At the molecular level, polyP has both pro-inflammatory activity and complement inhibitory function. The pro-inflammatory activities of polyP are manifested by increasing the release of pro-inflammatory mediator bradykinin and the production of thromboinflammation, activating mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt/β-catenin, and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways, as well as amplifying the pro-inflammatory signaling pathways of nuclear cytokines [high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and histone H4 (H4)]. Therefore, polyP inhibitors may be used as anti-inflammatory drugs to treat/prevent the inflammatory response caused by polyP under infection, injury, and/or various other pro-inflammatory conditions. PolyP can inhibit complement activity by suppressing certain stages in the classical pathway, lectin pathway, and terminal pathway of complement, which is beneficial for protecting activated endothelial cells from damage caused by complement activation, while simultaneously retaining the prothrombotic and proinflammatory properties of complement. At the cellular level, the role of polyP in regulating immune cells is related to its length. Platelet-derived polyP (short chain) has the activity to activate immune cells, while bacterial-derived polyP (long chain) has the completely opposite inhibitory effect and promotes bacterial immune evasion. Therefore, blocking these signaling pathways involving polyP in human macrophages with drugs will facilitate killing pathogens ingested by macrophages, providing a new drug target for the treatment of intracellular microbial infections such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis-related diseases. This article reviews the immunomodulatory effects of polyP at both the molecular and cellular levels, in order to further exploring its mechnism and promoting its potential future usability in clinical applications.关键词：polyphosphate;anti-inflammation;pro-inflammation;complement;immune escape10|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07 - “非酒精性脂肪性肝病与代谢相关脂肪性肝病在肝外疾病关联及不良结局预测方面存在差异，为多学科管理提供参考。”摘要：Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multisystem disease with a wide range of extrahepatic manifestations, including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, musculoskeletal disease, and neoplastic disease. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a new definition of NAFLD and is primarily defined as fatty deposits in the liver associated with obesity, diabetes, or metabolic dysfunction. Although the diagnostic criteria overlap, the people affected are not exactly the same. There are differences in clinical features between NAFLD and MAFLD. This article reviews the association between NAFLD/MAFLD and extrahepatic diseases, as well as the similarities and differences in predicting adverse outcomes and identifying high-risk individuals, which is of great significance for timely screening and multidisciplinary management of fatty liver disease.关键词：nonalcoholic fatty liver disease;metabolic-associated fatty liver disease;clinical outcomes10|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07
- “糖尿病肾病抗炎治疗新进展：基因疗法有望精准治疗，减少不良反应。”
摘要：Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of serious complications of diabetes mellitus, and its occurrence and progression are closely associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in the body. Studies have confirmed that reducing the body's inflammatory response can improve renal injury in DKD. Based on this, treatment regimens using anti-inflammatory drugs for DKD have emerged. However, since existing drugs cannot target specific tissues, they easily cause adverse reactions after administration. As a new medical approach, gene therapy has advantages such as significant therapeutic effects, good targeting, and fewer adverse reactions. Animal experiments have demonstrated that gene therapy can effectively alleviate renal injury in DKD, showing great application potential. This review elaborates on the important role of inflammatory responses in the occurrence and development of DKD, summarizes the current status and limitations of clinical application of existing anti-inflammatory drugs for DKD, as well as the research progress of gene therapy in DKD models, aiming to provide references for the development of precise anti-inflammatory therapies for DKD.关键词：diabetic kidney disease;inflammatory reaction;drug treatment;gene therapy12|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07 - “最新研究发现，维生素D水平与关节置换术后感染风险密切相关，为防治提供新思路。”摘要：Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), a severe complication following joint arthroplasty, poses significant challenges in prevention and management. Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in calcium-phosphate metabolism while demonstrating immunomodulatory functions and antimicrobial activity. Mechanistically, it regulates immune responses by enhancing phagocytic cell activity and promoting antimicrobial peptide production, thereby effectively combating pathogenic invasion. Moreover, vitamin D modulates inflammatory cytokine expression, improves the periprosthetic tissue microenvironment, and reduces PJI risk. Preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels <20 ng/ml correlate with increased PJI incidence, whereas targeted vitamin D supplementation decreases postoperative infection rates. However, optimal dosing regimens for comorbid populations and patient-specific supplementation strategies remain undefined. This review summarizes the criteria for determining serum vitamin D levels and their correlation with the occurrence of PJI, in order to provide a basis for the application of vitamin D and related reagents in the prevention and treatment of PJI.关键词：periprosthetic joint infection;vitamin D;prevention;treatment9|0|0更新时间：2026-01-07
Review
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